OctOber 10, 2022, Ruby Mullens joins lab as a Biochem MAsters student. 

Ruby will be working with Jemima on how lncRNAs affect nutraceutical-mediated changes in SVZ neurogenesis.

SPRING 2022, LAURA NIKEL JOINS LAB FOR A ROTATION. LAURA WILL BE WORKING ON THE EXPRESSION OF GAL-3 IN EMBRYONIC BRAINS.

SUMMER 2022, MARVA CHAN JOINS LAB FOR A ROTATION. MARVA WILL BE STUDYING HOW GAL-3 KNOCKDOWN AFFECTS APICOBASAL POLARITY IN ES CELLS.

29 September, 2021, Our 3-Photon microscopy paper accepted in Cerebral Cortex

Well done Bin! Many thanks also to Anna, Adam, Chris and Mengran! "Intravital imaging of the murine subventricular zone with three photon microscopy" Bin Sun, Mengran Wang, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Chris Xu, Adam M. Packer, Francis G. Szele

Abstract: 

The mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) produces neurons throughout life. It is useful for mechanism discovery and is relevant for regeneration. However, the SVZ is deep, significantly restricting live imaging since current methods do not extend beyond a few hundred microns. We developed and adapted three-photon microscopy (3PM) for non-invasive deep brain imaging in live mice, but its utility in imaging the SVZ niche was unknown. Here, with fluorescent dyes and genetic labelling, we show successful 3PM imaging in the whole SVZ, extending to a maximum depth of 1.5 mm ventral to the dura mater. 3PM imaging distinguished multiple SVZ cell types in postnatal and juvenile mice. We also detected fine processes on neural stem cells interacting with the vasculature. Previous live imaging removed overlying cortical tissue or lowered lenses into the brain, which could cause inflammation and alter neurogenesis. We found that neither astrocytes nor microglia become activated in the SVZ, suggesting 3PM does not induce major damage in the niche. Thus we show for the first time 3PM imaging of the SVZ in live mice. This strategy could be useful for intravital visualisation of cell dynamics, molecular and pathological perturbation and regenerative events.

28 September, 2021, Our Galectin-3 review accepted in CELLS.

"Novel galectin-3 roles in neurogenesis, inflammation and neurological diseases"

Thanks to all the current and previous lab members who contributed to this work over the years. Special thanks to Dr. Isabelle Comte for having introduced the lab to Galectins (Comte et al., 2011).

Abstract:

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein that drives inflammation in disease. Gal-3’s role in the central nervous system has been less studied than in the immune system. However, recent studies show it exacerbates Alzheimer’s disease and is upregulated in a large variety of brain injuries, while loss of Gal-3 function can diminish symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Several novel molecular pathways for Gal-3 were recently uncovered. It is a natural ligand for TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells), TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4), and IR (insulin receptor). Gal-3 regulates a number of pathways including stimulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and modulating Wnt signalling in a context-dependant manner. Gal-3 typically acts in pathology but is now known to affect subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the healthy brain. Despite its myriad interactors, Gal-3 has surprisingly specific and important functions in regulating SVZ neurogenesis in disease. Gal-1, a similar lectin often co-expressed with Gal-3, also has profound effects on brain pathology and adult neurogenesis. Remarkably, Gal-3’s carbohydrate recognition domain bears structural similarity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein necessary for cell entry. Gal-3 can be targeted pharmacologically and is a valid target for several diseases involving brain inflammation. The wealth of molecular pathways now known further suggest its modulation could be therapeutically useful.

20 September, 2021, Wellcome to ayano Sugiyama-finnis

Ayano, from Oxford's Biochemistry department will be carrying out a Master's degree in the lab under Mega's supervision. 

12 July, 2021 Paper accepted on effects of Grapeskin extract, It is good for you!!

Our work with the Isoda laboratory (Tsukuba Japan) has been acccepted in the journal Aging.

"Grape skin extract modulates neuronal stem cell proliferation and improves spatial learning in Senescence-accelerated Prone 8 mice."

Abstract: 

In recent years, the number of patients with neurodegenerative illness such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has increased with the aging of the population. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Grape skin extract (GSE) on neurotypic SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro AD model, murine neurospheres as an ex vivo neurogenesis model and SAMP8 mice as an in vivo AD model. Our in vitro result showed that pre-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with GSE ameliorated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, GSE treatment significantly decreased the number of neurospheres, but increased their size suggesting reduced stem cell self-renewal but increased proliferation. Our in vivo Morris water maze test indicated that GSE improves learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. To detect proliferation and newborn neurons, we measured BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). GSE treatment increased the number of BrdU+ cells in the DG of SAMP8 mice. Finally, we showed that GSE induced a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and an increase in neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice. These results suggested that GSE increased neurogenic zone proliferation and memory but decreased oxidative stress associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in aging, thus protecting neurons.

July 2021, Isaiah asbed joins lab as intern

Isaiah Asbed, a precocious budding neuroscientist has come to Oxford to work on an internship studying nutraceuticals and neurogenesis. Come back and join us whenever you can, Isaiah!

June 2021, Dr. Ning huang JOINS LAB AS A CHINA SCHOLARSHIP COUNSEL GRANTEE

We are very pleased this worked out NIng! Ning joins us from The Second Affiliated Hospital Chongqing Medical University where he is a neurosurgeon and resercher. Ning will work on Gal-3 effects on apicobasal polarity in developing neural cells.

MAY 2021, KAILI LIU JOINS LAB AS A CHINA SCHOLARSHIP COUNSEL GRANTEE

Welcome to Oxford Kaili! Kaii joins us from Xi’an Jiaotong University where she is pursuing a PhD. She will wok on the 3D-printing project trying to uncover if the addition of astrocytes to our printed cortical columns increase survival and synaptogenesis.

May 2021, Hana Shaffique joins lab as an itern

Wellcome to the Szele lab Hana! Hana, a talented undergraduate from the States, will be working on our nutraceuticals and adult neurogenesis project. 

April 2021, Luana Campos Soares starts new Postdoctoral Fellowship in Szele and Molnar labs

Luana was picked forthis prestiious fellowsip from a pool of very strong applicants. She will work under Francis' and Zoltan Molnar guidance on our Oxford Martin School project "3D printing for brain repair."

https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/brain-repair/

12 MARCH 2021, LUANA CAMPOS SOARES Successfully DEFENDS her DPhil

A big congratulations to Luana who worked in Prof Eric O'Neill's lab (Oxford Oncology) on mechanisms of Gal-3 in cancer and inflammation. "The role of Galectin-3 in the differentiation of neural stem cells". Her examiners were Delphine Delacour (Institut Jacques Monid, Paris) and Sally Cowley (Dunn School of Pathology).

09 February, Our Aurantiochytrium Paper accepted in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

Our collaborative work with Prof. Hiroko Isoda titled "The Microalgae Aurantiochytrium Sp. Increases Neurogenesis and Improves Spatial Learning and Memory in Senescence-Accelerated Prone 8 Mice." was published today!

Abstract:

Much attention has recently been focused on nutraceuticals, with minimal adverse effects, developed for preventing or treating neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was conducted to investigate the potential effect on neural development and function of the microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. as a nutraceutical. To test neuroprotection by the ethanol extract of Aurantiochytrium (EEA) and a derivative, the n-Hexane layer of EEA (HEEA), amyloid-β-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells, was used as an in vitro AD model. We then assessed the potential enhancement of neurogenesis by EEA and HEEA using murine ex vivo neurospheres. We also administered EEA or HEEA to senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain with accelerated aging and AD-like memory loss for evaluation of spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze test. Finally, we performed immunohistochemical analysis for assessment of neurogenesis in mice administered EEA. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with EEA or the squalene-rich fraction of EEA, HEEA, ameliorated amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, only EEA-treated cells showed a significant increase in cell metabolism and intracellular adenosine triphosphate production. Moreover, EEA treatment significantly increased the number of neurospheres, whereas HEEA treatment significantly increased the number of β-III-tubulin+ young neurons and GFAP+ astrocytes. SAMP8 mice were given 50 mg/kg EEA or HEEA orally for 30 days. EEA and HEEA decreased escape latency in the Morris water maze in SAMP8 mice, indicating improved memory. To detect stem cells and newborn neurons, we administered BrdU for 9 days and measured BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus, a neurogenic stem cell niche of the hippocampus. In SAMP8 mice, EEA rapidly and significantly increased the number of BrdU+GFAP+ stem cells and their progeny, BrdU+NeuN+ mature neurons. In conclusion, our data in aggregate indicate that EEA and its constituents could be developed into a nutraceutical for promoting brain health and function against several age-related diseases, particularly AD.

04 February, 2021 Human Adult neurogenesis review accepted

Together with Natalie Gault (Rice University) we published an article entitled "Immunohistochemical Evidence for Adult Human Neurogenesis in Health and Disease" in WIRES Systems Biology and Medicine. Natalie had a prestigious scholarship to work with us in the summer of 2020 but could not due to the pandemic. Instead I invited her to work with me on this comprehensive review. Thanks Natalie! Check out the tables!

DECEMBER 2020, DR. MEGALAKSHMI SURESH JOINS LAB AS POSTDOC

Mega, a developmental neurobiologist who trained in Germany was a postdoc with us on our OxStem Neuro project. She has re-joined the lab to work on our collaboration with the Isoda Lab at Tsukuba University. Mega will be examining the stem cell activation and neurogenic effects and mechanisms of compounds in medicinal plants and nutraceuticals. Welcome back Mega!! 

10 November , 2020 Welcome to FHS students

Paige Williams (Yr3 BMS), Ayman D'Souza (Yr3 Medic), Farreema Fassihi (Yr3 Medic) and Natasha Cooke (Yr4 Biochem) joined the lab under COVID-19 guidelines for a series of interesting and challenging projects. Francis trained them directly and it was good to be back in the lab!

01 August, 2020 Szele Lab and DPAG open up under COVID-19 regulations

14 July, 2020 Martin's PAPER ACCEPTED in Stem Cell Reports!

Way to go Martin!! Dr. Martin Ducker did his DPhil in our group and developed a robust assay of neuroblast migration.

28 MAY, 2020 Fang's paper Accepted!

Well done Dr. Li!! This work was done in collaboration with Prof. Jan Czeruszka, (Oxford Materials Department). 

Fangxin Li, Martin Ducker, Bin Sun, Francis G. Szele* and Jan T. Czernuszka*  Interpenetrating polymer networks of collagen, hyaluronic acids, and chondroitin sulfate as scaffolds for brain tissue engineering. Acta Biomateriala, 2020.

Abstract: 

12 May, 2020 OMS GRANT FUNDED

More great news! Our grant has been awarded by the Oxford Martin School. "Low-cost printed tissues that address the global catastrophe of brain disease" Francis Szele Co-PI, Zoltan Molnar (DPAG) Co-PI, Hagan Bayley (Cemistry) PI. 4 years, starting fall 2020, £934,907.

5 May, 2020

Great News! Manuscript accepted in Advanced Materials (IF 26). This work was a collaboration with Hagan Bayley's group in Chemistry.

"Lipid bilayer supported 3D printing of human cerebral cortex cells reveals developmental interactions" Linna Zhou, Anne C. Wolfes, Yichen Li, Danny C. W. Chan, Ho Ko, Francis G. Szele* and Hagan Bayley* *co-communicating

Abstract: Current understanding of human brain development is rudimentary due to suboptimal in vitro and animal models. In particular, how initial cell positions impact subsequent human cortical development is unclear because experimental spatial control of cortical cell arrangement has been technically challenging. 3D cell printing provides a rapid customised approach for patterning. However, it has relied on materials do not represent the extracellular matrix of brain tissue. We therefore developed a lipid bilayer supported printing technique to 3D print human cortical cells in the soft, biocompatible extracellular matrix, Matrigel. Printed human neural stem cells (hNSCs) showed high viability, neural differentiation and the formation of functional, stimulus-responsive neural networks. By using pre-patterned arrangements of neurons and astrocytes, we found that hNSC process outgrowth and migration into cell-free matrix and into astrocyte-containing matrix were similar in extent. However, astrocytes enhanced the later developmental event of axon bundling. Both young and mature neurons migrated into compartments containing astrocytes, in contrast, astrocytes did not migrate into neuronal domains signifying non-reciprocal chemorepulsion. Therefore, precise pre-patterning by 3D printing allows the construction of natural and unnatural patterns that yield important insights into human cerebral cortex development.

24 April, 2020

"Galectin-3 diminishes Wnt signaling in the postnatal subventricular zone" Osama Al-Dalahmah, James Nicholson, Swip Draijer, Luana Campos Soares and Francis G. Szele

Manuscript accepted in Stem Cells.  Congratulations to Osamah Al-Dalahmah and to Luana, James and Swip.

Significance Statement.  Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is frequently increased in cancer and injury. It regulates inflammation and subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis, yet the signaling pathways whereby it does so are poorly understood. Gal-3 increases Wnt signaling in cancer cells but here we show that it binds to b-catenin in SVZ cells and negatively regulates Wnt signaling. Gal-3 also decreased proliferation and increased cell cycle exit. Gal-3 decreased Wnt signaling in the same cells with increased BMP signaling. Since Gal-3 is drugable, these studies suggest Gal-3 modulators could be used to manipulate Wnt signaling in the clinical setting.

31 MARCH, 2020

FARAH ALAMMARI successfully defends her DPhil.

Congratulations to Dr. Alammari! Farah who did an outstanding job in her viva, the first in the lab to be held by Skype. Farah was in London, Prof Zoltan Molnar in Oxford and Professor Carmen Castro in Cadiz. Thanks to Zoltan and Carmen as well. Farah showed that the lncRNA Paupar and its binding partner Kap1 regulate neurogenesis int he SVZ.

18 March, 2020

LAB CLOSURE DUE TO CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC

Sadly we had to finish all experiments, freeze down cells and maintain reduced animal colonies. We are working from home with several papers being resubmitted and commenced. We thank members of the lab and members of the department for their productive contributions during this period. 

20 September, 2019

Congratulations to Osama Al-Dalahmah whose paper has been accepted in Glia.

"Galectin-3 modulates postnatal subventricular zone gliogenesis" 

Osama Al-Dalahmah, Luana Campos Soares, James Nicholson, Swip Draijer,  Mayara Mundim, Victor M. Lu, Bin Sun, Teadora Tyler, István Adorján, Eric O'Neill and Francis G. Szele

Thanks to all the contributors, especially Luana Campos Soares.

Abstract

Postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells generate forebrain glia, namely astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The cues necessary for this process are unclear, despite this phase of brain development being pivotal in forebrain gliogenesis. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is increased in multiple brain pathologies and thereby regulates astrocyte proliferation and inflammation in injury. To study the function of Gal-3 in inflammation and gliogenesis, we carried out functional studies in mouse. We overexpressed Gal-3 with electroporation and using immunohistochemistry surprisingly found no inflammation in the healthy postnatal SVZ. This allowed investigation of inflammation-independent effects of Gal-3 on gliogenesis. Loss of Gal-3 function via knockdown or conditional knockout reduced gliogenesis, whereas Gal-3 overexpression increased it. Gal-3 overexpression also increased the percentage of striatal astrocytes generated by the SVZ but decreased the percentage of oligodendrocytes. These novel findings were further elaborated with multiple analyses demonstrating that Gal-3 binds to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor one alpha (BMPR1a) and increases bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Conditional knockout of BMPR1a abolished the effect of Gal-3 overexpression on gliogenesis. Gain-of-function of Gal-3 is relevant in pathological conditions involving the human forebrain, which is particularly vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia during perinatal gliogenesis. Hypoxic/ischemic injury induces astrogliosis, inflammation and cell death. We show that Gal-3 immunoreactivity was increased in the perinatal human SVZ and striatum after hypoxia/ischemia. Our findings thus show a novel inflammation-independent function for Gal-3; it is necessary for gliogenesis and when increased in expression can induce astrogenesis via BMP signaling.

Osama is now carrying out a residency in Neuropathology at Columbia University.

01 July, 2019

Welcome to Professor Carmen Castro Gonzales. Carmen has joined the lab for 3 months as a visiting professor from University of Cadiz. Carmen is also a Plumer Fellow at St. Anne's College during this period.

23 March, 2019

A30P PD model paper published in Human Molecular Genetics! Well done Xueming!  

The A30P α-synuclein mutation decreases subventricular zone proliferation 

Xue-Ming Zhang, Sabina Anwar, Yongsoo Kim, Jennifer Brown, Isabelle Comte, Huan Cai, Ning-Ning Cai, Richard Wade-Martins and Francis G. Szele 

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with olfactory defects in addition to dopaminergic degeneration. Dopaminergic signalling is necessary for subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferation and olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn or Snca) modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission, and SNCA mutations cause familial PD, but how α-syn and its mutations affect adult neurogenesis is unclear. To address this, we studied a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse expressing the A30P SNCA familial PD point mutation on an Snca−/− background. We confirmed that SNCA-A30P transgene recapitulates endogenous α-syn expression patterns and levels by immunohistochemical detection of endogenous α-syn in a wild-type mouse and transgenic SNCA-A30P α-syn protein in the forebrain. The number of SVZ stem cells (BrdU+GFAP+) was decreased in SNCA-A30P mice, whereas proliferating (phospho-histone 3+) cells were decreased in Snca−/− and even more so in SNCA-A30P mice. Similarly, SNCA-A30P mice had fewer Mash1+ transit-amplifying SVZ progenitor cells but Snca−/− mice did not. These data suggest the A30P mutation aggravates the effect of Snca loss in the SVZ. Interestingly, calbindin+ and calretinin (CalR)+ periglomerular neurons were decreased in both Snca−/−, and SNCA-A30P mice but tyrosine hydroxylase+ periglomerular OB neurons were only decreased in Snca−/− mice. Cell death decreased in the OB granule layer of Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. In the same region, CalR+ numbers increased in Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. Thus, α-syn loss and human A30P SNCA decrease SVZ proliferation, cell death in the OB and differentially alter interneuron numbers. Similar disruptions in human neurogenesis may contribute to the olfactory deficits, which are observed in PD. 

22 January, 2019

Congratulations to Yichen LI who successfully defended her DPhiL viva examination. 

"DISSECTING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ADOLESCENT-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA USING PATIENT-DERIVED CELLS" Was a collaborative project with Dr. Sally Cowley and Dr.Anthony James and Dr. Jenny Taylor. Yichen is going on to do a postdoctoral fellowship in the lab of Justin Ichida in Los Angeles.

15 January, 2019

WelcomE TO VIVIANA MACARELLI AND EVI KAKOURI TO THE LAB!

Viviana is  a visiting Master's student from Positano Italy and will be working with Luana Soares on Hippo signalling for nine months. Evi is an undergraduate Erasmus Scholarship student from Athens Greece and will be working with Julie Davies on the OxStem Neuro Project for six months.

22 DEcember, 2018

Our Collaborative paper with Hiroko Isoda's lab has been accepted in the journal Aging.  Thanks to Julie Davies and Noelia Doldan in the lab for their excellent contributions. 

"3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid induces adult neurogenesis and improves deficit of learning and memory in aging model senescence-accelerated prone 8 mice"

03 October, 2018

Jerry Qu has passed his transfer of status viva with flying colours. Jerry is continuing the tradition and  working on  a collaborative DPhil between Jan Czernuszka's group and ours. Well done Jerry.

01 OCTOBER, 2018

Welcome to Mega Suresh who has joined the lab as a postdoc to provide maternity cover for Penny Fouka on the OxStem Neuro project.

27 September, 2018

Fang Li successfully defended his DPhil! "Tissue Engineering for the Nervous System" Congratulations to Fang who carried out  a collaborative DPhil between Jan Czernuszka's group (Dept. of Materials Sciences) and our group. 

26 SEPTEMBER, 2018

Jie Yin passed his transfer of status viva!  Jie is an "alumnus" of the lab and is carrying out his DPhil at the Ludwig Institute in Xin Lu's lab in a collaboration with our group. 

10 September, 2018

"Rapid and efficient differentiation of functional motor neurons from human iPSC for neural injury modelling" a collaborative paper with Cathy Ye's group (Engineering) has been accepted in Stem Cell Research. Yichen Li in our group contributed to this paper and Fabio Bianchi in the Ye lab was the first author. Great work guys! 

12 JUne, 2018

Abeer Al-Shammari's paper accepted by npj Schizophrenia.  

Schizophrenia-related dysbindin-1 gene is required for innate immune response and homeostasis in the developing subventricular zone                

Abeer R. Al-Shammari, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Ksenia Musaelyan, Lalit K. Srivastava and Francis G. Szele

31 MAY, 2018

CONGRATULATIONS TO MARTIN DUCKER FOR SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDING HIS DPhil!! Martin was examined by Prof Clive Wilson (Internal) and Prof Pat Doherty (King's College, External). Well done Martin and thanks to both examiners. 

24 May, 2018

CONGRATULATIONS to Farah Alammari who passed her Confirmation to DPhil status with flying colours.

8  April, 2018

Our Progress in Neurobiology Review Article accepted! Abeer Al-Shammari (Szele lab alumna), Chiara Bardella (Tomlinson Lab) and Luana Soares (Joint DPhil Student with Eric O'Neill) were co-first authors on: The Role of Inflammation in Subventricular Zone Cancer.    

Congratulations to Farah Allamari for her paper accepted in the EMBO J. Farah is co-first author of: Paupar LncRNA Promotes KAP1 Dependent Chromatin Changes And Regulates Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis. This work was spearheaded by our collaborator Keith Vance at the University of Bath. 

01 FEBRUARY, 2018

Good luck to Bin Sun in his new Postdoctoral Fellowship. Bin has joined Jesus Gil's lab at Imperial in London to study senescence. We wish him all the best and thank him for his excellent contributions to the lab. We'll miss you Bin!

07 January, 2018

Luana Campos Soares successfully passed her transfer of status to DPhil viva. Well done Luana! Luana is a graduate student in Oncology working on a collaboration with Prof. Eric O'Neill and is determining mechanistic interactions of Gal-3 and Hippo signalling in inflammation and cancer in the SVZ.

24 October, 2017

Congratulations to fiishing DPhil student Martin Ducker who has pitched his cell assay to block infiltration of highly aggressive glioblastoma brain tumour and triumphed in first place with unanimous praise from the panel of expert judges in the "IMAGINE IF! Oxford Accelerator competition.

07 October, 2017

Congratulations to Bin Sun whose paper is accepted by Cerebral Cortex. "Polycomb protein Eed is required for neurogenesis and cortical injury activation in the subventricular zone" 

28 August, 2017 

We welcome our new Postdoc Dr. Noelia Geribaldi Doldan. Noelia joins us from University of Cadiz and will lead our collaboration with Prof. Hiroko Isoda at University of Tsukuba.

28 August, 2017

Scientific Reports publishes 3D cell printing paper - collaboration with Bayley group, "High-Resolution Patterned Cellular Constructs by Droplet-Based 3D Printing"

27 June, 2017

Brain publishes Istvan Adorjan's paper, "Calretinin interneuron density in the caudate nucleus is lower in autism spectrum disorder"

1 April, 2017 

We welcome 4 new rotation students! Abishek Arora, Master's in Neuroscience rotation student (April - August 2017), Victor Lu, Master's in Neuroscience rotation student (April - August 2017), Ben Cheung, undergraduate medical student from Chinese University of Hong Kong (April/May 2017), Thomson Loong, , undergraduate medical student from Chinese University of Hong Kong (April/May 2017)