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Interaction between a membrane oscillator generated by voltage-dependent ion channels and an intracellular calcium signal oscillator was present in the earliest models (1984 to 1985) using representations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Oscillatory release of calcium is inherent in the calcium-induced calcium release process. Those historical results fully support the synthesis proposed in the articles in this review series. The oscillator mechanisms do not primarily compete with each; they entrain each other. However, there is some asymmetry: the membrane oscillator can continue indefinitely in the absence of the calcium oscillator. The reverse seems to be true only in pathological conditions. Studies from tissue-level work and on the development of the heart also provide valuable insights into the integrative action of the cardiac pacemaker.

Original publication

DOI

10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.218875

Type

Journal article

Journal

Circ Res

Publication Date

25/06/2010

Volume

106

Pages

1791 - 1797

Keywords

Animals, Calcium Signaling, Cell Membrane, Heart, Heart Conduction System, Humans, Ion Channels, Models, Cardiovascular